Past subjunctive and mood choice

Develop opinions and reactions through a focused practice itinerary.

The past subjunctive

Form the past subjunctive with the present subjunctive of avere or essere plus the past participle: abbia capito, sia partito. Use it when the dependent action was completed before a present viewpoint: «Penso che abbia capito»; «Non penso che sia partito». With essere, the participle agrees with the subject: «Penso che Maria sia partita». A past main viewpoint needs a different tense sequence, which you will study later.

  • Mi dispiace che tu abbia avuto un problema.· I am sorry that you had a problem.
  • Non penso che abbiano finito.· I do not think they have finished.
  • Penso che questo film sia interessante.· I think this film is interesting.
  • Secondo me, la soluzione è semplice.· In my opinion, the solution is simple.

Form, meaning, and contrast

Compare a present situation with a completed one: «Penso che partecipino» means they take part now or later; «Penso che abbiano partecipato» means they took part already. After «secondo me» there is no dependent che-clause, so an ordinary statement normally uses the indicative. Choose the mood from the main phrase and the tense from the time of the dependent action.

  • È importante che tutti partecipino.· It is important that everyone participates.
  • Non credo che sia una buona idea.· I do not think it is a good idea.
  • Capisco il tuo punto, però non sono d’accordo.· I understand your point, but I do not agree.
  • Preferisco il treno, dato che è più comodo.· I prefer the train because it is more comfortable.